Note: د ذ ر ز و are non-connecting — they only connect from the right, never the left.
⚠️ Non-connecting letters: Dal (د), Dhal (ذ), Ra (ر) and Zay (ز) do not connect to the letter that follows them. They only connect to the letter before them. You'll learn more about this in Step 9.
د #8 — Dal
دَال
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د Sound: "d" as in d oor
Non-connecting letter
د د ـد ـد
iso · ini · med · fin
Example: دِين
Deen — religion
ذ #9 — Dhal
ذَال
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ذ Sound: "dh" as in th e, th is
Voiced "th" — not like "think"
ذ ذ ـذ ـذ
iso · ini · med · fin
Example: ذِكْر
Dhikr — remembrance
ر #10 — Ra
رَاء
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ر Sound: Rolled "r" (like Spanish)
Non-connecting letter
ر ر ـر ـر
iso · ini · med · fin
Example: رَحْمَة
Rahmah — mercy
ز #11 — Zay
زَاي
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ز Sound: "z" as in z oo
Same shape as Ra + a dot
ز ز ـز ـز
iso · ini · med · fin
Example: زَكَاة
Zakāh — almsgiving
س #12 — Sin
سِين
tap to flip
س Sound: "s" as in s un
Three "teeth" shape
س سـ ـسـ ـس
iso · ini · med · fin
Example: سَلَام
Salām — peace
ش #13 — Shin
شِين
tap to flip
ش Sound: "sh" as in sh ip
Sin + 3 dots above
ش شـ ـشـ ـش
iso · ini · med · fin
Example: شَهَادَة
Shahādah — testimony
Letter Forms: Letters 8–13